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                <h1 id="线程简介"><a href="#线程简介" class="headerlink" title="线程简介"></a>线程简介</h1><p>概念：现代操作系统调度的最小单元是线程，也叫<strong>轻量级进程</strong>，在一个进程里可以创建多个线程，这些线程都拥有各自的<strong>计数器、堆栈</strong>和<strong>局部变量</strong>等属性，并且能够访问共享的内存变量。（实际上java程序天生就是多线程程序，因为执行main()方法的是一个名为main的线程。）</p>
<p><strong>java简单程序运行需要包含哪些线程</strong></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java">1.main    				&#x2F;&#x2F;main线程，用户程序入口
2.Reference Handler  	&#x2F;&#x2F;清除Reference的线程
3.Finalizer  			&#x2F;&#x2F;调用对象finalize方法的线程
4.Signal Dispatcher 	&#x2F;&#x2F;分发处理发送给JVM信号的线程
    
&#x2F;&#x2F;finalizer方法是一种收尾机制：每一个类都有一个特殊的方法finalizer,它不能被直接调用，而是JVM在适当的时候调用通常用来处理一些清理资源的工作。<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>



<p><strong>使用多线程的好处</strong></p>
<p>1.因为拥有更多的处理器核心，所以可以多线程执行可以使程序执行效率变的更快。</p>
<p>2.更快的相应时间。</p>
<p>3.更好的编程模型。</p>
<p><strong>线程的优先级</strong></p>
<p>现代操作系统基本采用<strong>时分复用</strong>的形式调度运行的线程，线程分配到时间片多少也就决定了线程使用处理器资源的多少。<strong>定义：</strong>而线程优先级就是决定线程需要多或者少分配一些处理器资源的线程属性。</p>
<p><strong>设置优先级的规则</strong>：针对频繁阻塞（休眠或者I/O操作）的线程需要设置较高优先级，而偏重计算（需要较多CPU时间）的线程需要设置较低的优先级，保证处理器不会被独占。</p>
<p><strong>程序正确性不能依赖线程的优先级高低</strong>：线程优先级不能作为程序正确性的依赖，因为操作系统可以完全不用理会java线程对于优先级的设定。</p>
<p>线程的状态及对应的关键字：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-java" data-language="java"><code class="language-java">1. 初始(NEW)：新创建了一个线程对象，但还没有调用start()方法。
2. 运行(RUNNABLE)：Java线程中将就绪（ready）和运行中（running）两种状态笼统的称为“运行”。
线程对象创建后，其他线程(比如main线程）调用了该对象的start()方法。该状态的线程位于可运行线程池中，等待被线程调度选中，获取CPU的使用权，此时处于就绪状态（ready）。就绪状态的线程在获得CPU时间片后变为运行中状态（running）。
3. 阻塞(BLOCKED)：表示线程阻塞于锁。
4. 等待(WAITING)：进入该状态的线程需要等待其他线程做出一些特定动作（通知或中断）。
5. 超时等待(TIMED_WAITING)：该状态不同于WAITING，它可以在指定的时间后自行返回。
6. 终止(TERMINATED)：表示该线程已经执行完毕。<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>



<p><img src="https://gitee.com/modest2001/img/raw/master/yygh/%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B%E5%9B%BE.png" alt="image-20220407215621274"></p>
<p>当线程执行<code>wait()</code>方法之后，线程进入到等待状态。进入等待状态的线程需要依靠其他线程的通知才能够返回运行状态，而超时等待状态相当于在等待状态的基础上增加了超时限制，也就是超时时间到达时将会返回到运行状态。当线程调用同步方法时，在没有获取到锁的情况下，线程将会进入到阻塞状态，线程在执行<code>Runnable()</code>和<code>run()</code>方法之后将会进入到终止状态。</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong>java将就绪和运行两个状态合并称为运行状态，阻塞状态是线程阻塞在进入synchronized关键字修饰的方法或代码块时的状态。</p>
<p>但是阻塞在javad的<code>concurrent</code>包中的Lock接口的线程状态却是等待状态，因为在<code>concurrent</code>包中Lock接口对于阻塞的实现均使用了<code>LockSupport</code>类方法。</p>
<p><strong>Daemon线程（守护线程）</strong></p>
<p>java中有两类线程，<strong>用户线程和守护线程</strong>。</p>
<p><strong>守护线程：</strong>指在程序运行的时候在后台听歌一种通用的线程，比如垃圾回收线程就是一个守护线程，并且这种线程并不属于程序中不可或缺的部分。<strong>因此当所有非守护线程结束时，程序也就终止了，同时会杀死进程中的所有守护线程。（反之，非守护线程还在运行，程序就不会终止）</strong></p>
<p><strong>用户线程：</strong>用户线程和守护线程两者没有什么区别，唯一不同之处就是就是在于虚拟机的离开：如果用户线程已经全部退出运行了，只剩下守护线程存在了，虚拟机也就退出了。 因为没有了被守护者，守护线程也就没有工作可做了，也就没有继续运行程序的必要了。</p>
<p><strong>将线程转换为守护线程可以通过调用Thread对象的<code>setDaemon(true)</code>方法来实现。</strong></p>
<h1 id="启动和终止线程"><a href="#启动和终止线程" class="headerlink" title="启动和终止线程"></a>启动和终止线程</h1><p>线程从start()方法进行启动，随着run()方法的执行完毕线程也随之终止。</p>
<p><strong>构造线程：</strong>在线程运行之前需要构造一个线程对象，其中构造需要提供线程所需要的属性，所属的线程组、线程优先级、是否是Daemon线程等信息。</p>
<p><strong>线程start()方法的含义：</strong>当前线程（即parent线程）同步告知java虚拟机，只要<strong>线程规划器空闲</strong>，应<strong>立即启动调用start()方法</strong>的线程。</p>
<p><strong>中断：</strong>中断可以理解为一个线程的一个标识性属性，它表示一个运行中的线程是否被其他线程进行中断操作。中断好比其他线程对该线程打了一个招呼，其他线程通过调用该线程的<code>interrupt()</code>方法对其进行中断操作。</p>
<p>线程通过方法<code>isInterrupted()</code>来进行判断是否被中断，也可以调用静态方法<code>Thread.interrupted()</code>对当前线程的中断标识进行复位。如果该线程已经处于<strong>终结状态</strong>（run方法执行完），即使该线程被中断过，在调用线程对象的<code>isInterrupted()</code>时候依旧会返回<code>false</code>。 例如：在java的API中许多声明都抛出了<code>InterruptedException</code>的异常，这些方法再抛出这个异常之前，java虚拟机会先将该线程的中断标识清除，然后抛出异常，此时调用<code>isInterrupt()</code>方法将会放回<code>false</code>。</p>
<p><strong>安全的终止线程</strong>：可以通过使用标识符（boolean变量判断）和中断操作的方式能够使线程在终止时有机会去清理资源，而不是武断地将线程停止，因此这种终止线程的做法显得更加安全和优雅。</p>
<h1 id="线程间的通信"><a href="#线程间的通信" class="headerlink" title="线程间的通信"></a>线程间的通信</h1><p>线程程通信主要可以分为三种方式，分别为<strong>共享内存</strong>、<strong>消息传递</strong>和<strong>管道流</strong>。</p>
<p><strong>synchronized</strong>关键字修饰方法或者以同步代码块的形式来进行使用，它主要确保多个线程在同一个时刻，只能有一个线程处于方法或者同步代码块中，它保证了线程对变量访问的可见性和排他性。</p>
<p>Volatile关键字修饰变量，可以使共享变量可见，是一种<strong>共享内存</strong>的方式。</p>
<p>同步分为同步方法和同步代码块。同步块实现使用<code>monitorenter</code>和<code>monitorexit</code>指令，同步方法则是依靠方法修饰符上的<code>ACC_SYNCHRONIZED</code>来完成的。无论是那种方法其本质是：一个对象的监视器（<code>monitor</code>）进行获取，而这个获取过程是<strong>排他的</strong>（排他性就是这么来的），也就是同一时刻只能有一个线程获取到由<code>synchronize</code>锁保护对象的监视器。</p>
<p>流程：1.任意一个对象都拥有自己的监视器。2.执行方法的线程必须先获取到该对象的监视器才能进入到同步块或者同步方法。3.没有获取到监视器的线程将会被阻塞到同步块和同步方法中，进入<strong>BLOCKED</strong>状态。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/modest2001/img/raw/master/yygh/%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E3%80%81%E7%9B%91%E8%A7%86%E5%99%A8%E3%80%81%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB.png" alt="image-20220407224604711"></p>
<p>等待/通知机制</p>
<p>定义：一个线程修改了一个对象的值，而另一个线程感知到了变化，然后进行了相应的操作，整个过程开始于一个线程，而最终执行又是另一个线程。前者是生产者，后者是消费者。这个模式从根本上实现了解耦的过程，体系结构上具备了良好的伸缩性。</p>
<p>1.调用wait(),notify()和notifyAll()时需要先调用对象加锁。</p>
<p>2.调用wait()方法后，线程状态由RUNNING变为WAITING，并将当前线程放置到对象的等待队列。</p>
<p>3.notify()或notigyAll()方法调用后，等待线程依旧不会从wait()返回，需要调用notify()或notifyAll()的线程释放锁之后，等待线程才有机会从wait()返回。</p>
<p>4.notify()方法将将等待队列中的一个等待线程从等待队列中移动到同步队列中，而notifyAll()方法则是将等待队列中所有的线程全部移动到同步队列，被移动的线程状态由WAITING变成了BLOCKED</p>
<p><strong>等待/通知经典范式</strong></p>
<p>等待方遵守原则：</p>
<p>1.获取对象的锁。</p>
<p>2.如果对象条件不满足，那么调用对象的wait()方法，被通知后仍要检查条件。</p>
<p>3.条件满足则执行对应的逻辑。</p>
<p>通知方遵循原则：</p>
<p>1.获取对象的锁。</p>
<p>2.改变条件。</p>
<p>3.通知所有等待在对象上的线程。</p>
<p><strong>管道输入/输出流</strong></p>
<p>在Java语言中提供了各种各样的输入/输出流 Stream ，使我们能够很方便地对数据进行操作，其中管道流是一种特殊的流，用于在不同线程间直接传送数据。一个线程发送数据到输出管道流，另一个线程从输入管道流中读取数据。</p>
<p>通过使用管道，实现不同线程间的通信，而无须借助于类似临时文件之类的东西。</p>
<p>字节流：PipedInputStream 和 PipedOutputStream</p>
<p>字符流：PipedReader 和 PipedWriter</p>
<p>对于Piped类型的流，必须先要进行绑定，也就是调用connect()方法，如果没有将输入/输出流绑定起来，对于该流的访问将会抛出异常。</p>
<p><strong>ThreadLocal的使用</strong></p>
<p>ThreadLocal，即线程变量，是一个以ThreadLocal对象为键，任意对象为值的存储结构，这个结构被附带在线程上，也就是说一个线程可以根据一个ThreadLocal对象查询到绑定在这个线程上的一个值。（&lt;THreadLocal,Object&gt;）。</p>
<h1 id="线程应用实例"><a href="#线程应用实例" class="headerlink" title="线程应用实例"></a>线程应用实例</h1><p><strong>等待超时模式</strong></p>
<p>等待超时模式就是在等待/通知范式基础上增加了超时控制，这使得该模式相比原有范式更具有灵活性，因为即使方法执行时间长，也不会“永久”阻塞调用者，而是按照调用者的要求“按时”返回。</p>
<p><strong>线程池技术</strong></p>
<p>起因：如果采用一个任务一个线程方式，这种会使操作系统频繁的进行线程上下文切换，无故增加系统的负载，而线程的创建和消亡都是需要耗费系统资源的，也无疑浪费了系统资源。</p>
<p>解决方案：使用<strong>线程池技术</strong>，它<strong>预先创建了若干数量的线程</strong>，并且不能由用户直接对线程的创建进行控制，在这个前提下重复<strong>使用固定或较为固定数目的线程来完成任务的执行</strong>。好处：一方面，消除了<strong>频繁创建</strong>和<strong>消亡线程</strong>的系统资源开销，另一方面，面对过量任务提交能够<strong>平缓的劣化</strong>。</p>
<p>线程池的7大核心参数：</p>
<p>1.corePoolSize：线程池中常驻核心线程数。</p>
<p>2.maximumPoolSize：线程池能容纳同时执行的最大线程数，此值必须&gt;=1。</p>
<p>3、keepAliveTime：多余的空闲线程的存活时间。（当前线程池数量超过corePoolSize时，当空闲的时间达到keepAliveTime值时，多余的空闲线程会被直接销毁直到只剩下corePoolSize个线程为止）</p>
<p>4、timeUtile：keepAliveTime的单位</p>
<p>5、workQueue:任务队列，被提交但未被执行的任务</p>
<p>6、threadFactory：表示生成线程池中工作线程的线程工厂，用于创建线程一般用默认的即可。</p>
<p>7、handler：拒绝策略，表示当队列满了并且工作线程大于等于线程池的最大线程数</p>
<p><strong>线程池的本质</strong></p>
<p><strong>线程池的本质就是使用了一个线程安全的工作队列连接工作者线程和客户端线程</strong>。客户端线程任务放入工作队列后便返回，而工作者线程不断的从工作队列中取出任务执行。当工作者队列为空时，所有的工作者线程会等待在工作队列上，当客户端线程每提交一个任务到工作队列上就会唤醒一个工作者线程，随着大量的任务被提交，更多的工作者线程会被唤醒。</p>
<p>线程池中线程数量并不是越多越好，使用过少，无法发挥处理器的性能；使用的线程过多，将会增加系统的无故开销，起到相反的作用。</p>

                
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